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24.03.2010 Bacteria produce oxygen even without light
EMBARGO UNTIL March 24 20:00 pm Central European Time
Bacteria produce oxygen even without light
The molecular secrets of a bacterium which produces its own oxygen to use the green house gas methane was unravelled. A Dutch research team from the University of Nijmegen discovered bacteria that oxidize the methane without oxygen. Instead, these bacteria used nitrite, commonly available in freshwater sediments in agricultural areas. Methane is a very stable molecule and its degradation was generally believed to be impossible without oxygen (or sulfate). Now an international team from the The Netherlands, France and Germany shows that the bacteria actually do use oxygen for methane oxidation. Only they make this oxygen themselves, like plants - but without light. The oxygen is manufactured from the nitrite. Until now scientists thought that the art of making oxygen was restricted to plants, algae and cyanobacteria. Now it looks as if the researchers are even on the track of a mechanism which may have existed before the green plants appeared on earth. The international science journal Nature publishes the news on 25 March 2010.
Bacteria produce oxygen even without light
The molecular secrets of a bacterium which produces its own oxygen to use the green house gas methane was unravelled. A Dutch research team from the University of Nijmegen discovered bacteria that oxidize the methane without oxygen. Instead, these bacteria used nitrite, commonly available in freshwater sediments in agricultural areas. Methane is a very stable molecule and its degradation was generally believed to be impossible without oxygen (or sulfate). Now an international team from the The Netherlands, France and Germany shows that the bacteria actually do use oxygen for methane oxidation. Only they make this oxygen themselves, like plants - but without light. The oxygen is manufactured from the nitrite. Until now scientists thought that the art of making oxygen was restricted to plants, algae and cyanobacteria. Now it looks as if the researchers are even on the track of a mechanism which may have existed before the green plants appeared on earth. The international science journal Nature publishes the news on 25 March 2010.
From left to right: 1) Set-up at the Max Planck Institute to solve the puzzle. Sensors analysed nitrogen, methane and other nitrogen species and special tubes connected directly to the mass spectrometer. 2) Ph.D. student Katharina F. Ettwig in the lab. 3) Microscopic image of the organism under fluorescent light. 4) Agriculture influences the biosphere in this ditch where one of the organisms was found.
The unravelling of the new oxygen producing pathway was difficult because the responsible microbe grows only very slowly and remained hidden inside a complex microbial community. For this reason, short DNA fragments were extracted from the community as a whole and sequenced with modern massive parallel sequencing technology. From these fragments the genome of the responsible bacterium could be stitched together. This demanding approach has been successful only a few times before. It was achieved by Denis Le Paslier and colleagues of Genoscope (Evry, France).
The genome showed very clearly that the known genes for N<sub>2</sub>O reduction were missing and that the organism was genetically dependent on oxygen. “The experimental and genetic data were clearly incompatible” says Marc Strous, who led the research effort in Nijmegen and has moved to the Max Planck Institute in Bremen in the meantime.
Giving these circumstances how was the organism able to obtain its energy from the oxidation of the relatively inert molecule methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) with nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) as electron acceptor? That is like starting a fire under water. To solve this paradox, Marcel Kuypers and colleagues of the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology were called to the rescue. Advanced microsensing and mass spectrometry confirmed that the paradox was real – both data were right and could only be explained by a new way of oxygen production. After one year of trying, Katharina Ettwig, who hopes to graduate on this work this year, was able to actually trap the oxygen and provide the experimental proof. She named the organism Methylomirabilis oxyfera (wonderful methane-eater making oxygen ), as it uses two nitric oxide molecules to produce dinitrogen and oxygen which is then used to attack the inert methane molecule.
The scientists suggest that the newly discovered pathway of oxygen production may be a missing link that once, billions of years ago, made possible the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, now performed by plants. But it certainly forces a rethink of current understanding of the role of fertilizers in the methane cycle.
Nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria. Nature 25 march 2010.
Katharina F. Ettwig, Margaret K. Butler, Denis Le Paslier, Eric Pelletier
Sophie Mangenot, Marcel M.M. Kuypers, Frank Schreiber, Johannes Zedelius, Dirk
de Beer, Bas E. Dutilh, Jolein Gloerich, Hans J.C.T. Wessels, Theo van Alen
Francisca Luesken, Ming L. Wu, Katinka T. van de Pas-Schoonen, Huub J.M. Op den Camp, Eva M. Janssen-Megens, Kees-Jan Francoijs, Henk Stunnenberg, Jean
Weissenbach, Mike S.M. Jetten & Marc Strous.
doi: 10.1038/nature08883
This project was supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) for Marc Strous.
Contact
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1,
D-28359 Bremen, Germany
Prof. Dr. Marc Strous, Phone:+49 421 2028 822 e-mail: [Bitte aktivieren Sie Javascript]
Press officer
Dr. Manfred Schloesser
Phone:+49 421 2028 – 704 Fax:+49 421 2028 - 790
e-mail: [Bitte aktivieren Sie Javascript]
Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. ir. Mike Jetten,
Phone: +31 24 365 2941 e-mail [Bitte aktivieren Sie Javascript]
Katharina Ettwig
Phone +31 24 365 2557 e-mail [Bitte aktivieren Sie Javascript]
The genome showed very clearly that the known genes for N<sub>2</sub>O reduction were missing and that the organism was genetically dependent on oxygen. “The experimental and genetic data were clearly incompatible” says Marc Strous, who led the research effort in Nijmegen and has moved to the Max Planck Institute in Bremen in the meantime.
Giving these circumstances how was the organism able to obtain its energy from the oxidation of the relatively inert molecule methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) with nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>) as electron acceptor? That is like starting a fire under water. To solve this paradox, Marcel Kuypers and colleagues of the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology were called to the rescue. Advanced microsensing and mass spectrometry confirmed that the paradox was real – both data were right and could only be explained by a new way of oxygen production. After one year of trying, Katharina Ettwig, who hopes to graduate on this work this year, was able to actually trap the oxygen and provide the experimental proof. She named the organism Methylomirabilis oxyfera (wonderful methane-eater making oxygen ), as it uses two nitric oxide molecules to produce dinitrogen and oxygen which is then used to attack the inert methane molecule.
The scientists suggest that the newly discovered pathway of oxygen production may be a missing link that once, billions of years ago, made possible the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, now performed by plants. But it certainly forces a rethink of current understanding of the role of fertilizers in the methane cycle.
Nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria. Nature 25 march 2010.
Katharina F. Ettwig, Margaret K. Butler, Denis Le Paslier, Eric Pelletier
Sophie Mangenot, Marcel M.M. Kuypers, Frank Schreiber, Johannes Zedelius, Dirk
de Beer, Bas E. Dutilh, Jolein Gloerich, Hans J.C.T. Wessels, Theo van Alen
Francisca Luesken, Ming L. Wu, Katinka T. van de Pas-Schoonen, Huub J.M. Op den Camp, Eva M. Janssen-Megens, Kees-Jan Francoijs, Henk Stunnenberg, Jean
Weissenbach, Mike S.M. Jetten & Marc Strous.
doi: 10.1038/nature08883
This project was supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) for Marc Strous.
Contact
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstr. 1,
D-28359 Bremen, Germany
Prof. Dr. Marc Strous, Phone:+49 421 2028 822 e-mail: [Bitte aktivieren Sie Javascript]
Press officer
Dr. Manfred Schloesser
Phone:+49 421 2028 – 704 Fax:+49 421 2028 - 790
e-mail: [Bitte aktivieren Sie Javascript]
Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Prof. dr. ir. Mike Jetten,
Phone: +31 24 365 2941 e-mail [Bitte aktivieren Sie Javascript]
Katharina Ettwig
Phone +31 24 365 2557 e-mail [Bitte aktivieren Sie Javascript]